2 Chapter 3 – Regulation of Food Commerce
2
Chapter 3 – Regulation of Food Commerce
2.1 Introduction
2.1
Introduction
2.2 Regulation of Economically Motivated Adulteration (EMA)
2.2
Regulation of Economically Motivated Adulteration (EMA)
2.2.1 Background
2.2.1
Background
2.2.1.1 Perpetual Problem of Food Systems
2.2.1.1
Perpetual Problem of Food Systems
2.2.1.2 US Regulatory Response: 1906 and 1938 Food Acts
2.2.1.2
US Regulatory Response: 1906 and 1938 Food Acts
2.2.1.3 Law’s Evolving Adaptation to EMA
2.2.1.3
Law’s Evolving Adaptation to EMA
2.2.2 Statutory Basis
2.2.2
Statutory Basis
2.2.2.1 Actions Constituting EMA
2.2.2.1
Actions Constituting EMA
2.2.2.2 Intent Basis: Economic Motivation
2.2.2.2
Intent Basis: Economic Motivation
2.2.3.1 FDCA Section 402(b): Enforcement
2.2.3.1
FDCA Section 402(b): Enforcement
2.2.3.2 FDCA Section 401: Standards of Identity
2.2.3.2
FDCA Section 401: Standards of Identity
2.2.3.3 Import Alert: Border Enforcement
2.2.3.3
Import Alert: Border Enforcement
2.2.3.4 Bioterrorism Act: Traceability
2.2.3.4
Bioterrorism Act: Traceability
2.2.3.5 FSMA: Preventive Controls
2.2.3.5
FSMA: Preventive Controls
2.2.3.6 Development of Technology and Standards
2.2.3.6
Development of Technology and Standards
2.2.3.7 Enhanced Coordination
2.2.3.7
Enhanced Coordination
2.2.3.8 FTC: Unfair Method of Competition
2.2.3.8
FTC: Unfair Method of Competition
2.2.3.9 Litigation
2.2.3.9
Litigation
2.2.3.10 International Law
2.2.3.10
International Law
2.2.3.10.1 Background
2.2.3.10.1
Background
2.2.3.10.1.1 Tension Between Free Trade and Protectionism
2.2.3.10.1.1
Tension Between Free Trade and Protectionism
2.2.3.10.1.2 International Agreements: Law and Food
2.2.3.10.1.2
International Agreements: Law and Food
2.3.1 GATT and WTO
2.3.1
GATT and WTO
2.3.1.1 Trade Rules for Food Products
2.3.1.1
Trade Rules for Food Products
2.3.1.2 WTO Dispute Resolution
2.3.1.2
WTO Dispute Resolution
2.3.1.3 Trade Barrier Exceptions Under GATT and SPS Agreements
2.3.1.3
Trade Barrier Exceptions Under GATT and SPS Agreements
2.3.1.4 TBT Agreement
2.3.1.4
TBT Agreement
2.3.2 Additional International Agreements
2.3.2
Additional International Agreements
2.3.2.1 Agreement on Agriculture
2.3.2.1
Agreement on Agriculture
2.3.2.2 TRIPS
2.3.2.2
TRIPS
2.3.2.3 Anti-Dumping Agreement
2.3.2.3
Anti-Dumping Agreement
2.3.2.4 Doha Round
2.3.2.4
Doha Round
2.3.2.5 Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements
2.3.2.5
Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements