1 I. History and Structure of U.S. Criminal Law 1 I. History and Structure of U.S. Criminal Law
1.1. William Stuntz, The Collapse of American Criminal Justice (2011)
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From the Publisher's Website:
The rule of law has vanished in America’s criminal justice system. Prosecutors now decide whom to punish and how severely. Almost no one accused of a crime will ever face a jury. Inconsistent policing, rampant plea bargaining, overcrowded courtrooms, and ever more draconian sentencing have produced a gigantic prison population, with black citizens the primary defendants and victims of crime. In this passionately argued book, the leading criminal law scholar of his generation looks to history for the roots of these problems—and for their solutions.
The Collapse of American Criminal Justice takes us deep into the dramatic history of American crime—bar fights in nineteenth-century Chicago, New Orleans bordellos, Prohibition, and decades of murderous lynching. Digging into these crimes and the strategies that attempted to control them, Stuntz reveals the costs of abandoning local democratic control. The system has become more centralized, with state legislators and federal judges given increasing power. The liberal Warren Supreme Court’s emphasis on procedures, not equity, joined hands with conservative insistence on severe punishment to create a system that is both harsh and ineffective.
What would get us out of this Kafkaesque world? More trials with local juries; laws that accurately define what prosecutors seek to punish; and an equal protection guarantee like the one that died in the 1870s, to make prosecution and punishment less discriminatory. Above all, Stuntz eloquently argues, Americans need to remember again that criminal punishment is a necessary but terrible tool, to use effectively, and sparingly.
1.2. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow (2011)
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From the Book Website:
The New Jim Crow is a stunning account of the rebirth of a caste-like system in the United States, one that has resulted in millions of African Americans locked behind bars and then relegated to a permanent second-class status—denied the very rights supposedly won in the Civil Rights Movement. Since its publication in 2010, the book has appeared on the New York Times bestseller list for more than a year; been dubbed the “secular bible of a new social movement” by numerous commentators, including Cornel West; and has led to consciousness-raising efforts in universities, churches, community centers, re-entry centers, and prisons nationwide. The New Jim Crow tells a truth our nation has been reluctant to face.
As the United States celebrates its “triumph over race” with the election of Barack Obama, the majority of black men in major urban areas are under correctional control or saddled with criminal records for life. Jim Crow laws were wiped off the books decades ago, but today an extraordinary percentage of the African American community is warehoused in prisons or trapped in a parallel social universe, denied basic civil and human rights—including the right to vote; the right to serve on juries; and the right to be free of legal discrimination in employment, housing, access to education and public benefits. Today, it is no longer socially permissible to use race explicitly as a justification for discrimination, exclusion, and social contempt. Yet as civil-rights-lawyer-turned-legal-scholar Michelle Alexander demonstrates, it is perfectly legal to discriminate against convicted criminals in nearly all the ways in which it was once legal to discriminate against African Americans. Once labeled a felon, even for a minor drug crime, the old forms of discrimination are suddenly legal again. In her words, “we have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it.”
Alexander shows that, by targeting black men through the War on Drugs and decimating communities of color, the U.S. criminal justice system functions as a contemporary system of racial control, even as it formally adheres to the principle of colorblindness.
The New Jim Crow challenges the civil rights community—and all of us—to place mass incarceration at the forefront of a new movement for racial justice in America.
Click here to read an excerpt from the Introduction.
1.3 Bright & Kwak - Fear of Too Much Justice (2023) 1.3 Bright & Kwak - Fear of Too Much Justice (2023)
Chapters 3 & 9
From the Book Website:
Almost 70 years ago Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black wrote there ''can be no equal justice where the kind of trial a man gets depends on the amount of money he has.” In The Fear of Too Much Justice: Race, Poverty, and the Persistence of Inequality in the Criminal Courts, legendary death penalty defense attorney Stephen Bright and legal scholar James Kwak show the myriad ways the US criminal legal system fails to live up to this ideal of fairness:
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Innocent people are condemned to death and convicted of crimes because they cannot afford lawyers and because of the color of their skin.
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Racial discrimination in jury selection perpetuates all-white juries even in communities that have substantial Black and Latino populations.
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People with mental disorders are locked up in jails and prisons instead of given the treatment they need.
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Poor people are processed through many courts with little or no legal representation in an assembly-line fashion.
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And many courts act as centers of profit whose main purpose is to raise money by imposing fines on the most vulnerable in their community and jailing them when they cannot pay.
Bright and Kwak also see the promise of meaningful change on the horizon. They point to jurisdictions that have abandoned the death penalty and see a future where it will remain in only the most ardent holdouts; to states that require full disclosure of police and prosecution files; to public defender offices that provide people accused of crimes with zealous representation; to courts that have recognized racial discrimination and adopted remedies to prevent it; to places have reduced the use of cash bail and stopped imposing fines and fees on people who cannot afford them; and to a comprehensive mental health center that is an alternative to jail.
The Fear of Too Much Justice is a timely and trenchant look at the numerous injustices occurring in criminal courts today and a practical look at how they can be corrected to create a brighter and more equitable future.
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1.4. Orin Kerr, How to Read a Legal Opinion, The Green Bag (2007)
pp. 51-67
A short and useful guide by an experienced law professor and seasoned teacher that explains what judicial opinions are, how they are structured, and what law students should look for when reading them.